H5920. al

עָ֑ל עַל,‎ (compare Kö^{ii. 261 f.})

I. substantive height (poetry) Hosea 7:16 עָֹל לֹא יָשׁוּבוּ‎ they return (but) not upwards (i.e. not God-wards), 11:7 יִקְרָאֻהוּ וְאֶלעַֿל‎ they (the prophets) call it (the people) upwards, (but) none striveth to rise; as adverb accusative, 2 Samuel 23:1 the man עָ֔ל הֻ֣קַּם‎ (that) is raised up on high. With מֵעָ֑ל מִן,‎, מֵעָ֑ל (ה)שׁמים‎ (the) heavens above Genesis 27:39; 49:25; Psalm 50:4 (opposed to מִתַּחַת‎ Exodus 20:4. In prose מִמַּעַל‎).

II. As preposition upon, and hence on the ground of, according to, on account of, on behalf of, concerning, beside, in addition to, together with, beyond, above, over, by, on to, towards, to, against (SI^4.6; Moabite, Aramaic id.; Phoenician על‎, and עלת‎; Palmyrene, Nabataean על‎; Sabean עלי‎, Arabic ); — abbreviated from עֲלֵי‎ (compare עֲדֵי אֱלֵי,‎), which is preserved in poetry, Genesis 49:17 (twice in verse); 49:22 (twice in verse); Numbers 24:6 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 32:2 (twice in verse); Isaiah 18:4; Jeremiah 8:18; Micah 5:6; Lamentations 4:5; 1 Kings 20:41 Qr, Job 7:1 Qr + 10 t. Psalms, 3t. Proverbs, 15 t. Job; with suffix עָלַי‎; עָלַיִךְ עָלֶיךָ,‎ ( Psalm 116:7 the Aramaizing form עָלָ֑יְכִי‎); עָלָיו‎, Psalm 1 Samuel 2:10 עָלֶיהָ עָלָו,‎; 1 plural עָלֵינוּ‎; 2 masculine plural עֲלֵיכֶם‎, Exodus 12:13 עֲלֵכֶם‎, 2 feminine plural עֲלֵיכֶן‎ Ezekiel 23:49; 3masculine plural עֲלֵיהֶם‎, 13 t. in Pentateuch עֲלֵהֶם‎ Genesis 45:15, etc. (Kö^{ii. 305}), in poetry עָלֵ֫ימוֺ‎ Deuteronomy 22:23 11t. Psalms, Job (perhaps sometimes, Ges^{§ 103i}, N.); 3 feminine plural עֲלֵיהֶן‎, Leviticus 3:4, 10, 15 עֲלֵהֶן‎ (on the apparently plur. form of עָלַי עֲלֵי,‎ etc., see Kö^{ii. 309 ff.}, and compare below עַד‎).

1 Upon, of the substratum upon which an object in any way rests, or on which an action is performed; as עלהֿארץ‎ upon the earth Genesis 1:11, 26; 7:6, etc., Psalm 110:6 רבה ארץ על‎ over a wide country; האדמה על‎ upon the ground Ezekiel 20:12 + often, Amos 7:12 טְמֵאָה אֲדָמָה עַל‎, Isaiah 14:2 י אדמת ׳על‎, Psalm 137:4 נֵכָר אַדְמַת עַל‎ (אֲרָמָה‎ being properly ground, soil, is construed regularly with באדמה על,‎ being very rare), more definitely האדמה פני על‎ Genesis 6:1; Numbers 12:3 + often; מקום על‎ Leviticus 14:28; Jeremiah 45:5 (uncommon: usually בְּ‎); Deuteronomy 17:20; Isaiah 9:6 מַמְלַכְתּוֺ על‎ upon his realm, 2 Chronicles 1:1; בָּֽתִּים על‎ very strangely Hosea 11:11 (read וַהֲשִׁבֹתִים‎ with ᵐ5‎ : see 7 c α β); constantly after such verbs as רכב ישׁב, נוח,‎, etc., Genesis 8:4; Exodus 11:5; על כתב‎ to write (idiomatic) on a book or other surface, Joshua 10:13, etc.; על יצא‎ go forth over Genesis 41:45; Zechariah 5:3; Psalm 81:6; with בָּטַח נִסְמַךְ, נִשְׁעַן,‎ (figurative), to lean or trust upon: Genesis 3:14 to go גְּחֹנְךָ עַל‎ upon thy belly, 32:32 to limp יְרֵכוֺ עַל‎ upon his thigh, 1 Samuel 14:13; Ezekiel 37:10; Judges 15:8 to smite יָרֵךְ עַל שׁוֺק‎ leg upon thigh, i.e. so that the scattered limbs fall one upon another, Amos 3:15. And with reference not a horizontal surface but to a side, Leviticus 1:5 + עַל זָרַק‎ to pour against the altar, 1 Kings 6:5, 18 to build against the temple, Joshua 10:27, etc. Figurative Exodus 23:13 let it not be heard מִּיךָ עַל‎ upon thy mouth (in our idiom, upon thy lips, as Proverbs 22:18), Psalm 15:3 לְשֹׁנוֺ עַל רָגַל לֹא‎ he slandereth not (i.e. prepares not slander) upon his tongue, 2 Samuel 23:2 לְשׁוֺנִי עַל וּמִלָּתוֺ‎, Proverbs 16:23, 27; 31:26; Ecclesiastes 5:1; compare נָשָׂא שְׂפָתַיִם עַל‎ or מֶּה עַל‎ Psalm 16:4; 50:16; Ezekiel 36:3b.

Specially a. — (a) of clothing, etc., which any one wears, Genesis 37:23 the tunic עליו אשׁר‎ which was upon him, Joshua 9:5; 1 Kings 11:30; Ruth 3:15 +; Genesis 24:30; 38:30; 2 Samuel 13:18, of a sword 20:8; Song of Solomon 3:8; so עַל הָיָה‎ Leviticus 16:4; Deuteronomy 22:5; Ezekiel 44:18; 1 Chronicles 15:27; 18:7 ("" 2 Samuel 8:7 אֶל‎); compare עָלֶיךָ יַעֲלֶה לֹא‎ Leviticus 19:19; Ezekiel 44:17, and with הֶעֱלָה‎, below, 7b.

(b) With verbs of covering or protecting, even though the cover or veil be not over or above the thing covered, but around or before it ('upon' referred to a side) : see עָטָה סָכַךְ, כָּסָה, גָּנַן,‎ Nehemiah 2:8 עלי הטובה אלהי יד‎, compare 2:18; Ezra 7:6, 9; 8:18, 22, 31; Exodus 27:21 the veil that is over (i.e. before) the testimony, 1 Samuel 25:16 עָלֵינוּ הָיוּ חוֺמָה‎ they were a wall about us; עַל סָגַר‎ to shut in (or down) upon Exodus 14:13; Job 12:14; Ezekiel 13:5; Job 13:27; 26:9; 36:30 he spreadeth his light עָלָיו‎ about him.

b. Of what rests heavily upon a person, or is a burden to him, Isaiah 1:14 לָטֹרַח עָלַי הָיוּ‎ they are a cumbrance upon me, Job 7:20 I am a burden עָלַי‎ upon myself, 2 Samuel 15:33 (compare with אֶל‎ 19:36); עֶל כָּבַד‎ to be heavy upon Exodus 5:9 and elsewhere (see כָּבַד‎); of sin, calamity, etc. Isaiah 53:5; Ezekiel 33:10; Psalm 88:8; Job 21:9; 2 Chronicles 15:5; 28:13; Ecclesiastes 6:1; 8:6 (compare 5a β); Leviticus 7:20 עָלָיו וְטֻמְאָתוֺ‎ 22:3: idiomatically, Genesis 48:7 רָחֵל עָלַי מֵתָה‎ Rachel died upon me (i.e. to my sorrow), 33:13 עָלַי עָלוֺת וְהַבָּקָר‎ are giving suck upon me (i.e. as a. care to me), Numbers 11:13 עָלַי יִבְכּוּ‎ they weep upon me (vexing me), Judges 14:16-17, 19:2 (see Be), 1 Samuel 21:6 to play the mad man upon me, Jeremiah 12:11.

c. Of a duty, payment, care, etc., imposed upon a person, or devolving on him, as עַל שָׂם‎ to lay upon, Exodus 5:8; 21:22, 30 (שָׁת‎), 22:4, compare Genesis 47:26; 2 Chronicles 35:25; with other verbs, Job 38:10; Deuteronomy 24:5; 26:6; 2 Kings 15:20; 18:14; 23:33; Nehemiah 10:33 (twice in verse); Esther 1:8; 9:21, 27, 31; with צִוָּה‎ enjoin upon Genesis 2:16 + often, כתב‎ prescribe to 2 Kings 22:13; Psalm 40:8, נטשׁ‎ cast upon 1 Samuel 17:20 (17:22 יד על‎), יד על נתן‎ (figurative) Genesis 42:37; 2 Kings 12:12; 22:5, compare 1 Kings 14:27, עזב‎ Psalm 10:14, גלל‎ 37:5, השׁליך‎ 55:23, פקד‎ Job 34:13 and elsewhere; Genesis 30:28 עָלַי שְׂכָֽרְךָ נָקְבָה‎ fix thy wages upon me (name thy wages to me), 34:12 וּמַתָּן מֹהַר מְאֹד עָלַי הַרְבּוּ‎ multiply upon me, etc., 2 Samuel 19:39 (pregnantly) whatsoever thou choosest (and layest) upon me; without a verb, Judges 19:20 עָלָ֑י כָּלמַֿחְסֹערךָ רַק‎ only let all thy wants be upon me, Ezra 10:4; Psalm 56:13 נְדָרֶיךָ עָלַי‎ thy vows are upon me (i.e. I owe them: compare Numbers 30:7; 30:9; 30:15), Proverbs 7:14 עָלָ֑י שְׁלָמִים זִבְחֵי‎ peace-offerings were upon me (= were due from me); perhaps Psalm 62:1; 77:1 (to the charge of); with an infinitive 2 Samuel 18:11 לָתֵת וְעָלַי‎ and it would have been incumbent on me to give, etc., 1 Kings 4:7; Ezra 10:12 (accents [Baer], RVm), Nehemiah 13:3, compare Zechariah 12:2 (Ew RVm); Numbers 7:9 (P) the service of ... was upon them, Ezekiel 45:17, so especially late 1 Chronicles 9:27, 33; 23:31; 2 Chronicles 2:3 ישׂראל על זאת לעולם‎8:15; 24:9; Ezra 7:11; Nehemiah 11:23; Isaiah 9:5 and the government is upon, his shoulder (compare 22:22), 2 Chronicles 25:3; Psalm 7:11 עַלאֿ ׳מָֽגִנִּי‎ my shield rests upon God (he has undertaken my defence), 62:8 וּכְבֹדִי יִשְׁעִי עלאֿלהים‎.

d. על‎ is used idiomatically to give pathos to the expression of an emotion, by emphasizing the person who is its subject, and who, as it were, feels it acting upon him: Psalm 42:6 why art thou cast down, O my soul, עָלַי וַתֶּהֱמִי‎ and disquieted upon me? 42:7 my soul upon me is cast down, Psalm 42:12; 43:5; Lamentations 3:20; Psalm 131:2 נַפְשִׁי עָלַי כַּגָּמוּל אִמּוֺ עֲלֵי כְּגָמֻל‎ is my soul upon me; 142:4 רוּחִי עָלַי בְּהִתְעַטֵף‎ when my spirit faints upon me, 143:4; Jonah 2:8; Jeremiah 8:18 ׃ דַרוָָּֽי לִבִּי עָלַי‎ my heart upon me is sick, Job 14:22 (twice in verse) (compare Di), Hosea 11:8 לבי עלי נהפך‎ my heart is turned (altered) upon me, 1 Samuel 17:32; 25:36; Nehemiah 5:7 עָלַי לִבִּי וַיִמָּלֵךְ‎ and my heart took counsel upon me: compare Psalm 42:5 I will pour out my soul upon me, Job 30:16; 10:1 שׂיחי עלי אעזבה‎ I will let loose my complaint upon me. (Thes apud me, mecum. The rend. 'within me alters entirely the point of view of the Hebrew expression, and is incorrect.) Denoting with some emphasis the subject of an experience, 30:2 כָּ֑לַךְ אבד עלימו‎, Daniel 2:1 his sleep עָלָיו נִהְיְתָה‎ was done with upon him (compare Aramaic 6:19 עֲלוֺהִי נַדַּת‎), 10:8 עָלַי נֶהְמַּךְ וְהוֺדִי‎ (compare 5:9; 7:28): also, rather differently, Leviticus 18:18b Jeremiah 49:20 נְוֵהֶם עֲלֵיהֶם יַשִׁים לֹא אִם‎, Micah 7:13; Psalm 90:17b; 7:9 according to my perfectness upon me, Ezekiel 18:20; 22:3; 2 Chronicles 36:8.

e. עַל חָיָה‎ to live upon (as upon a foundation or support; compare Isaiah 3:1, and Ζῆν ἐπί τινος), Deuteronomy 8:3 עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם‎, Isaiah 38:16 (compare Hi), Genesis 27:40 תחיה חרבך על‎ upon ( = by) thy sword thou shalt live (compare Kazwini^{ii. 17} ap. Tu), Ezekiel 33:19, compare 33:26.

f. Of the ground, or basis, on which a thing is done, as Genesis 24:9 הזה הדבר על‎, Leviticus 17:12 if he offers it תּוֺדָה עַל‎ on the ground of a thanks-giving, Numbers 6:21 נִזְרוֺ עַל‎, v^b Ezekiel 16:15; 28:17; Daniel 8:25 שִׂכְלוֺ עַל‎, 9:18 צדקותינו עַל‎, (with this use is extended so as to denote explicitly on condition of). Hence (a) the basis being conceived as regulative, על‎ comes to denote the norm or standard (compare German 'auf die Art' W^{AG ii. § 59 i}): the transition may be seen in a passage like Exodus 24:8 the covenant which ׳י‎ made with you on the basis of (על‎), or in agreement with, all these words (compare פי על‎ 34:27), Numbers 35:24 המשׁפטים על האלה‎, Deuteronomy 17:11; Jeremiah 30:18 the palace shall sit (i.e. be inhabited: see ישׁב‎) מִשְׁמָּטוֺ עַל‎ in accordance with its manner, Psalm 94:20 who frames mischief עֲלֵיחֹֿק‎ in accordance with a law, ... פי על‎ according to the mouth (i.e. command, Genesis 45:21 +? Deuteronomy 17:6; 19:15, sentence 21:5) of . . .; ֗֗֗֗ שֵׁם עַל‎ according to the name of . . . (mostly with call, be called) Genesis 48:6; Exodus 28:21; 2 Samuel 18:18 +, compare 1 Chronicles 23:14; Exodus 6:26; 12:51 צִבְאֹתָם על‎ according to their hosts (usually לְ‎), Numbers 1:18 משׁפחתם על‎ (usually לְ‎) 1:52; 2:2, 34; 7:3 ("" ל‎), Deuteronomy 18:8 (probably); יְדֵי עַל‎ according to the hands (direction) of Jeremiah 5:31; 33:13 al.; Psalm 110:4 מ דִּבְרָתִי ׳עַל‎ after the manner of M.; Proverbs 25:11 (probably) a word spoken אָעפנָיו עַל‎ in accordance with its circumstances = appositely; of the tune according to which a song is to be sung (RV. set to) Psalm 6:1 (1 Chronicles 15:21), Psalm 8:1; 9:1; 12:1; 45:1; 46:1 (1 Chronicles 15:20) עַלעֲֿלָמוֺת‎ (perhaps, however, in the manner of maidens = for 'sopranos'), Psalm 53:1; 56:1; 60:1; 69:1; 81:1; 84:1; 88:1 (compare in Syriac ).

(b) The basis being conceived as involving the ground, על‎ denotes the cause or reason, on account of, because of, Genesis 20:3 lo thou shalt die הָאִשָּׁה עַל‎ on account of the woman, 21:12; 26:7, 9; 27:41; 42:21; Leviticus 4:3, 28; 5:18; 19:17; 26:18, 24, 28; Deuteronomy 9:18; 24:16 fathers shall not be put to death עלבֿנים‎ on account of children, 31:18; Joshua 9:20; Jeremiah 1:16; 5:9; Ezekiel 18:26 עליהם‎ ("" 33:18 בָּהֶם‎), Proverbs 28:21; Psalm 39:12; 50:8 + often; 44:23 הֹרַגְנוּ עָלֶיךָ‎ on thy account are we slain all the day, 69:8; Jeremiah 15:15; in the phrases זֹאת עַל אוֺדוֺת, עַל עַ֗֗֗ל, דְּבַר‎ and זֶה עַל‎ on this account, מָה עַל‎ on what account ? עַלכֵּֿן‎ = therefore (see אוֺדָה דָּבָר,‎, etc.); before an infinitive, as Exodus 17:7 אֶתיֿ נַסּוֺתָם ׳וְעַל‎ and on, account of their trying ׳י‎, Amos 1:3 דּוּשָׁם עַל‎ on account of their threshing = because they threshed, vAmos 1:6; vAmos 1:9; vAmos 1:11; vAmos 1:13, etc., Jeremiah 2:35 אָמְרֵךְ עַל‎ because of thy saying, 9:12; 16:18 +; and as a conjunction both with and without אֲשֶׁר‎ or כִּי‎ (see below

III). And so often of the ground or cause of fear, grief, delight, or other emotions, e.g. Exodus 18:9; 32:14 (נִחַם‎ repent: so often), 1 Samuel 4:13; 30:6; 2 Samuel 1:26; 3:8; 1 Kings 21:4; 2 Kings 6:11; Jeremiah 10:19; Amos 6:6.

(c) Somewhat more strongly, on behalf of, for the sake of, Genesis 19:17 escape נפשׁך על‎ forthy life; Judges 9:17; 2 Kings 10:3 עַל נִלְחֵם‎ (usually ל‎); 1 Kings 2:18 I will speak on thy behalf to the king, 2:19 (2 Kings 4:13 לְ‎); Esther 4:16, 8; 7:7; 8:11; 9:16; Daniel 12:1 עמד על‎ stand up (in late Hebrew) on behalf of; על התפלל‎ intercede for (usually בעד‎) Job 42:8; Nehemiah 1:6; 2 Chronicles 30:18; 29:21; Ezra 8:35; and very often with כִּמֶּר‎ (q. v.) make atonement for. (Not very common with other verbs.)

(d) Sometimes it acquires almost a final force, for; Exodus 12:4; 29:36; 30:16; Deuteronomy 27:13 there shall stand עַלהַֿקְּלָלָה‎ ("" 27:12 לְבָרֵךְ‎), Psalm 89:4 כָלעֿבּנֵיאָֿדָם בָּרָאתָ עַלמַֿהשָּֿׁוְא‎ unto what vanity hast thou created, etc.! Proverbs 29:5b 2 Chronicles 23:18; Ecclesiastes 3:17.

(e) Of a condition, or attendant circumstances (rare; so , W^{AG ii § 59 e}): Psalm 50:5 עֲלֵי זָ֑בַח׃‎ upon, with sacrifice, 92:4 וגו עָשׂוֺר ׳עֲלי‎ with a ten-stringed instrument, with a harp, with sounding music on a lyre; רִיב עַל‎ upon occasion of a law-suit Exodus 23:2; Ezekiel 44:24, טוֺב יוֺם עַל‎ 1 Samuel 25:8 (compare at a time of. . . Qor 28:14), Nehemiah 12:22 (? read עַד‎ BeRy), Isaiah 18:4 אוֺר עֲלֵי צַח כְּחֹם‎ at time of sunshine, 64:11 אֵלֶּה עַל‎, Jeremiah 8:18; יָגוֺן עֲלֵי‎ at time of sorrow, 16:7 (but Gie אָבֵל עַל‎ to): with abstract substantives to form a periphrase for adverbs, Leviticus 5:22 and swear שֶׁקֶר עַל‎ upon falseness = falsely, 6:14 = 8:11 to heal a wound נְקַלָּה עַל‎ lightly, easily, Psalm 31:24 יֶתֶר עַל‎ = abundantly, Isaiah 60:7 רָצוֺן עַל‎ = acceptably (compare = with delight).

(f) It hence acquires the force of in spite of, notwithstanding (so , W^{AG ii. § 59 h}), Job 10:7 דַּעְתְּךָ עַל‎ in spite of thy knowing, 34:6 על משׁפטי‎ notwithstanding my right I am to be a liar (Di De Da RV: otherwise Hi RVm). compare below,

III c b.

(g) Upon, concerning, with verbs of speaking, as דִּבֶּר‎ Judges 9:3; 1 Kings 5:13, אָמַר‎, Jeremiah 16:3; 27:19 ("" אל‎) 33:4, hearing Genesis 41:15 עָלֶיךָ שָׁמַעְתִּי‎ I have heard concerning thee, saying, etc., 1 Kings 10:6; Isaiah 37:9 ("" 2 Kings 19:9 אל‎), disputing Genesis 26:11, telling 1 Samuel 27:11; Joel 1:3, commanding 2 Samuel 14:8; 1 Kings 11:10, being vexed 21:4; 2 Kings 6:11, crying 8:5, confessing Psalm 32:5; Nehemiah 1:6; of the object of a prophecy or vision 1 Kings 22:8; Isaiah 1:1; 2:1; and often with similar verbs.

(h) In a somewhat weaker sense, in the matter of, as regards, Genesis 41:32 הַחֲלוֺם הִשָּׁנוֺת וְעַל‎, Exodus 22:8; Ruth 4:7; Leviticus 5:22; Leviticus 5:26; Daniel 9:14b Nehemiah 9:33; עַל חָטָא‎ Leviticus 4:14 ("" בָּהּ‎ 4:23, cognate accusative 4:28), 5:5; Numbers 6:11; Nehemiah 13:26; ֗֗֗ עַלדְּֿבַר‎ in the matter of, Numbers 25:18; 31:16.

2 It expresses excess (synonym מִן‎ q. v.); Genesis 48:22 I give thee אַחֶיךָ עַל אַחַר שְׁכֶם‎ one shoulder (ridge) above thy brethren, Exodus 16:5 על מִשְׁנֶה‎ double above or beyond, Numbers 3:46; Deuteronomy 25:3 stripes עַלאֵֿלֶּה‎ beyond these, Joshua 3:15 Jordan עַל מָלֵא‎ was full over all its banks (compare 4:18; Isaiah 8:7b עלה על, הלך‎) Psalm 138:2; Ecclesiastes 1:16; Daniel 1:20 עַל יָדוֺת עֶשֶׂר‎ ten times above (compare in Aramaic 3:19, and Qor 37:153), Ezra 1:6 עַל לְבַר‎ = beside (see בַּד‎); Psalm 16:2 (si vera lectio) עָלֶיךָ בַל טוֺבָתִי‎ my welfare is not beyond thee, i.e. does not lie outside thee. — Of time, Leviticus 15:25 if she has an issue נִדָּתָהּ עַל‎ beyond her time of impurity (compare Isaiah 32:10, 4b).

3 It denotes elevation or pre-eminence, as על עליון‎ high (figurative) above, Deuteronomy 26:19 al., 28:43 עליך יעלה‎ will go up above thee, compare Proverbs 31:29; Psalm 57:6; Psalm 57:12 be thou exalted above the heavens, 89:8; 95:3; 96:4, etc., Nehemiah 9:5; with words (q. v.) such as נשׂא חזק, גדל, גכר,‎ (Ni. Pi`el Hithpa`el), עזז‎, and especially those denoting rule or superintendence, as הפקיד מלך,‎; so with נתן היה, שָׁת,‎, Genesis 41:33, 40, 43 שׂם‎; 1 Samuel 18:5; with מֶלֶךְ שַׂר, מָּקִיד,‎, etc., Genesis 41:34; Exodus 1:11; 18:21, etc.; absolute 2 Samuel 8:16 Joab was עלהֿצבא‎ over the host, 20:23 b. 20:24 1 Kings 4:4-6; 1 Kings 5:30; Numbers 10:14ff.; 1 Chronicles 9:23, 26ff. 27:25ff.; 2 Chronicles 30:17; 31:12; בֵּיתוֺ עַל אֲשֶׁר‎ of Joseph's steward Genesis 43:16, 19; 44:1, 4; and in the official titles עַלהַֿבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר‎ = the Governor of the Palace Isaiah 22:15 and elsewhere (see כַּיִת‎ 6); עַלהַֿמַּם אֲשֶׁר‎ the overseer of the forced labour 1 Kings 12:18; עלהֿעיר אשׁר‎ the governor of the city 2 Kings 10:5, המלתחה על אשׁר‎ 10:22.

4 It expresses addition (compare ἐπὶ in Greek, e.g.ἐπὶ τούτοις); namely

a. introducing the complement of a verb, as with יָסַף‎ to add upon or to, Psalm 61:7 + often (see יָסַף‎), שָׁת‎ to put to Genesis 30:40, נִלְוָה‎ to be joined to Numbers 18:24; Isaiah 14:1 (also with אֶל‎), נָפַל‎: to fall to, i.e. desert to, Jeremiah 21:9 +, עכר‎ to pass over to Exodus 30:13-14, Isaiah 45:14 (compare 60:5); also Habakkuk 2:16 עַל כּוֺם תִּסֹּב‎ Lamentations 4:21; Esther 4:7; נֶחְשַׁב‎ to be reckoned to Leviticus 25:31; 2 Samuel 4:2, על היה‎ Numbers 36:12; Psalm 69:28 עֲוֺנָם עַל עָוֺן תְּנָה‎, Isaiah 56:8 עָלָיו אֲקַבֵּץ עוֺר‎ I will yet gather (others) unto him.

b. Used absolutely, as Genesis 28:9 he took Mahalath נָשָׁיו עַל‎ in addition to his (other) wives, 31:50 (compare אל‎ Leviticus 18:18), Numbers 31:8 חַלְלֵיהֶם עַל‎ in addition to their slain ("" Joshua 13:22 אֶל‎), Deuteronomy 23:14; Ezekiel 16:37, 43; 25:10; Isaiah 32:10 שָׁנָה עַל יָמִים‎ days upon, in addition to, a year, 2 Chronicles 31:15 יָמִים עַל יָמִים‎, Ezekiel 7:26 תָבוֺא הֹוָה עַל הֹוָה‎ ("" אל‎), Jeremiah 4:20 (if נִקְרָא‎ = be proclaimed), Job 16:14 עַלמְּֿנֵיפָֿ֑רֶץ פֶרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי‎ (compare Lag^{M iii. 112}; also Iliad 14:130 ἕλκος ἐφ’ ἕλκει, Odyssey 7:120f; Qoran 31:13). So often in laws of P (compare

c), Leviticus 7:12 he shall offer הַתּוֺרָה עַלזֶֿבַת‎ in addition to the sacrifice of thanksgiving, etc., 7:13 b Numbers 6:20; 15:9; 28:10, 15, 24 (compare מִלְּבַר‎ 28:31; 29:6), 35:6; Ezekiel 16:43 (Hi Sm RV: compare 44:7 אל‎).

c. Hence by an easy transition it denotes together with, with, Exodus 35:22 men together with (עַל‎) women, Job 38:32 תַנְחֵם עַלבָּֿנֶיהָ וְעַיִשׁ‎ and the Bear with her children, wilt thou lead them? 1 Kings 15:20; Jeremiah 3:18 the house of Israel with the house of Judah, Micah 5:2 (Ca Ke Kue; but al. as

7c a), Genesis 32:12 lest he come and smite me, בָּנִים עַל אֵם‎ the mother with the children (compare Hosea 10:14; Deuteronomy 22:6); and as a techn. term in the regulations for sacrifice, especially with אכל‎, Exodus 12:8, עַלמְֿדֹרִים יאֹכְלֻהוּ‎ together with bitter herbs they shall eat it, 12:9 his head with (על‎) his legs, etc., Numbers 9:11; Deuteronomy 16:3 חָמֵץ עָלָיו לֹאתֿאֹכַל‎ (compare Exodus 23:18; 34:25), 34:3; in the phrase הדם על אכל‎ to eat with the blood 1 Samuel 14:32-33, (14:34 אל‎), Leviticus 19:26; Ezekiel 33:25 (compare in Greek e.g. ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ πίνειν ὕδωρ); see also Leviticus 2:2, 16; 3:4 (so 3:10; 3:15; 4:9; 7:4), 4:11; 7:13a, 7:30; 10:15; 14:31; 23:18; 23:20; Numbers 6:17; 19:5; 1 Chronicles 7:4.

5 It expresses the idea of being suspended, or extended, over anything, without however being in contact with it, above, over: Genesis 1:20 let fowl fly over the earth, 19:23 על יצא השׁמשׁ‎ had come forth upon the earth (compare על זרח‎ Exodus 22:2 +; על בא‎ go down [set] upon Deuteronomy 24:15; Micah 3:6; Job 25:3), Numbers 10:34; 14:14 and thy cloud stood עליהם‎ over them, Deuteronomy 28:23 the heavens עלרֿאשׁך‎ above overthy head, Isaiah 4:5; 60:1-2, Zephaniah 2:11; Zechariah 9:14; Psalm 7:8 over it return thou on high, Job 29:3 ראֹשִׁי עֲלֵי נֵרוֺ בְּהִלּוֺ‎ (compare לְ דעך‎ be extinguished over, 18:6), Song of Solomon 2:4 his banner over me: figurative of protection Deuteronomy 32:38; Psalm 68:35: with verbs of motion (expressed or implied), על נשׁקף‎ to incline over 1 Samuel 13:18 +, נטה על ידו‎) Exodus 14:16; Isaiah 23:11 + (compare Psalm 21:12), על הניף‎ to swing over Isaiah 11:15; 19:16; על השׁמיע‎ to proclaim over Jeremiah 4:16; Amos 3:9, compare Numbers 10:10; 2 Chronicles 13:12, נקרא על שׁם‎ a name to be called over 2 Samuel 12:28 + (see קרא‎).

6 From the sense of inclining or impending over, על‎ comes to denote contiguity or proximity, English by (or sometimes on): —

a. in designating localities, especially those beside water, Genesis 14:16 עַלהַֿמִּדְבָּר‎ by the wilderness, Genesis 16:17 הַמַּיִם עֵין עַל‎ by the spring of water, 24:13, 30; 29:2 three flocks lying עָלֶיהָ‎ by it (the well), 41:1; Numbers 3:26; 13:29 עלהֿים‎ by the sea, 22:5; 24:6 gardens נָהָר עֲלֵי‎. Deuteronomy 3:12; 33:8; Judges 5:19; 1 Samuel 1:9 י היכל מזוזת ׳על‎ (Ezekiel 46:2), 1 Samuel 4:1; 2 Kings 2:7 and they stood עלהֿירדן‎ by the Jordan, 25:4; Isaiah 19:7; 38:20; Psalm 1:3 planted by water-courses, Jeremiah 17:2, 8; Job 30:4; 31:9 פתח על‎ by the entrance, Proverbs 14:19, + often; הדרך על‎ by the way Genesis 38:21; 1 Samuel 24:4; Ezekiel 48:24ff. גבולו על‎ adjoining his border; על עבר‎ to pass by a place 1 Kings 9:18; Jeremiah 18:16 +, figurative פשׁע על עבר‎ to pass by transgression, i.e. to overlook it, Micah 7:18 and elsewhere: ֗֗֗ יְמִין על‎ on the right of ... Psalm 110:5 +, ֗֗֗ כֶּתֶף עַל , ֗֗֗ יֶרֶךְ עַל , ֗֗֗ עַליַד‎ on the side of ... (see these words): less frequently (except as

c) with reference to persons, Numbers 2:5 עָלָיו וְהַחֹנִים‎ and those encamping next him, 2:12; 2:20; 2:27; 6:9 עליו מת ימות וכי‎, 2 Kings 11:11 by the king round about (compare Numbers 3:26 above), פ על ׳עבר‎ Genesis 18:5; 2 Kings 4:9 +.

b. 2 Samuel 9:7, 10 to eat bread מּ שֻׁלְחַן ׳עַל‎ at any one's table, Exodus 16:3 when we sat הַבָּשָׂר עַלסִֿיר‎, 1 Samuel 20:24 Kt to sit עַלהַֿלֶּחֶם‎ at meat; 25:13; 30:24 to remain עַלהַֿכֵּלִים‎; Proverbs 23:30 to tarry long עלהֿיין‎ at (or over) the wine, Job 39:9 ׃ עַלאֲֿבוֶּסךָ‎ at thy crib: compare הַמִּשְׁמָּט עַל הַיּוֺשֵׁב‎ Isaiah 28:6.

c. Idiomatically, with עָמַד‎ and נִצַּב‎ to stand by (literally over, — originally no doubt with reference to one supposed to be seated), Genesis 18:2 three men עָלָיו נִצָּבִים‎ standing by him, 18:8 and he עליו עֹמֵד‎ standing by him under the tree, 24:30 by the camels, 28:13; 1 Samuel 4:20; 2 Samuel 1:9; 12:17; 20:11-12, Amos 7:7; especially of persons standing about a superior, as servants or courtiers, Genesis 45:1; Judges 3:19; 1 Samuel 22:6-7, 17, of persons surrounding a judge Exodus 18:13-14, of ׳י‎s heavenly ministers, 1 Kings 22:19 (compare Isaiah 6:2 לו ממעל‎), Zechariah 4:16, and with התיצב‎ Zechariah 6:5; Job 1:6; 2:1; also of one standing by (properly leaning over) an altar or sacrifice Numbers 23:3, 6; 1 Kings 13:1 (compare

7b) Amos 9:1; of an Ashérah by an altar Judges 6:25, 28 (compare אֵצֶל‎ Deuteronomy 16:21).

7 In connection with verbs of motion (actual or figurative): —

a. of motion from a higher place downwards, down upon: thus (a) על המטיר‎ to rain upon Genesis 2:5; 19:24, על ירד‎ 15:11, על יצק‎ to pour upon 28:18, פ צוארי על ׳נפל‎ 33:4, פניו על נפל‎ to fall on his (own) face 17:3, 17, על שׂם‎ to put upon, 21:14; 22:6, 9; 24:47 (24:22 Sam Di), כף על נתן‎ to place on the hand of ... 40:11, 21, על השׁליך‎ 2 Samuel 20:12, etc.; compare Job 29:22 מִלָּתִי תִּטֹּף וְעָלֵימוֺ‎, Micah 3:5; Nahum 3:12.

(b) In different figurative connections, as of sleep falling upon one, Genesis 2:21; 15:12; of fear 9:2; 1 Samuel 11:7 (see אֵימָה חֲרָרָה, מַּחַד,‎); of good or bad fortune, especially the latter, coming upon one, as with בוא‎ and הביא‎, Genesis 27:12; Deuteronomy 28:2 (in good sense), 28:15, Jeremiah 5:12; 19:3 (רעה‎, as often); of retribution, reproach, the Divine wrath, etc., with different verbs (היה חול, ירד, נתן, הביא,‎, etc.), as Genesis 20:9; Numbers 12:11 חטאה‎; Genesis 42:36 כֻלָּנָה הָיוּ עַלַי‎ upon me are they all; Numbers 18:5 + (על קֶצֶף היה‎); Deuteronomy 19:10 דם‎ (compare אל‎ 2 Samuel 21:2 ᵐ5‎ We Dr), Judges 9:24; 1 Kings 2:32; 2 Samuel 16:8; Hosea 12:15; 3:29; 15:14; 1 Samuel 11:2 חרפה‎; Jeremiah 14:16; 26:15 נקי דם‎ ("" אל‎), Jonah 1:14; Ezekiel 7:3-4, 8; 23:40; 36:29; Psalm 7:17; 94:2; 94:23; 109:5 טובה תחת רעה עלי וישׂימו‎ (lay upon me: but Hu וישיבו‎, Proverbs 17:13), Prov 140:11; על חֵמָה שָׁפַךְ‎ Ezekiel 7:8 + often; without a verb, Genesis 16:5 עָלֶיךָ חֲמָסִי‎ my wrong be upon thee, Jeremiah 51:35 ("" אל‎); Genesis 27:13 קללתך עלי‎; 38:29 (accents, RVm); 2 Samuel 1:16 ראשׁך על דמיך‎; 14:9 הֶעָוֺן עָלַי‎; Isaiah 24:17; Jeremiah 48:43; 50:27; Ezekiel 13:3 ֗֗֗ על הוֺי‎; Psalm 55:16 Kt.; of a blessing, Exodus 32:29; Psalm 3:9, a curse Deuteronomy 30:7, mercies (probably conceived specifically as descending from heaven) Psalm 33:22; 86:13; 90:17; 103:17 (with גבר‎ be mighty over or upon, 33:11; 117:2), 116:12; 145:9; Ezra 3:11, שׁלום‎ Psalm 125:6; Psalm 128:6; 1 Chronicles 22:9.

(c) Introducing the object upon which an action, or emotion, especially if accompanied by a gesture, is conceived as being directed (but with some of these words, especially when they refer to an event, rather than a person, as Exodus 18:9, על‎ is to be explained from

1f b). Thus with verbs denoting the manifestation of joy or grief, as שׂושׂ‎ to rejoice over, בכה שׁמם, ספד, אבל, שׂחק, התפאר, התענג, שׂמח, גיל,‎ Judges 11:37 +, נשׂא‎ (משׁל‎) קינה‎ to take up a lament, or proverb, over (see these words); probably also in על הִנָּבֵא‎ prophecy over Ezekiel 11:4; 13:17 +; with רִחַם חָמַל, חוּס,‎ to shew compassion on (compare 1 Kings 3:26; [Genesis 43:30 אל‎], Song of Solomon 5:4; [Jeremiah 31:20 ל‎]); with הֵעִיר שׁקד, שׁמר,‎ (Job 8:6) to guard or watch over; with יעץ‎ to counsel upon Isaiah 14:26 +, חשׁב‎ to devise (usually in bad sense, Jeremiah 29:11 in good), דִּבֶּר‎ (רעה‎ 11:17 +, טובה‎ 18:20; 32:42), דָּבָר הֵקִים‎ 29:10. Of more distinctly phys. acts, with בכה‎ to weep on Genesis 45:14-15, +, שׁרק‎ to hiss, ספק‎ or כף תקע‎ to clap the hand, כף הִכָּה‎ Ezekiel 22:13 ("" אל‎); Isaiah 5:30 to growl over, 31:4; Ezekiel 36:2; Job 30:5; הִתְוַדָּה‎ to confess over (the goat), Leviticus 16:21; Exodus 30:10a (probably); Deuteronomy 21:6; Job 6:27; Job 40:30.

b. From a lower place upwards, up upon, up to, as על עלה‎ to go up upon: Exodus 20:26; 1 Samuel 2:28; 1 Kings 12:33b 2 Kings 16:12b 2 Chronicles 1:6 (an altar, i.e. to a ledge beside it; compare 2 Kings 23:9, and ירד‎ Leviticus 9:22; 1 Kings 1:53); Judges 9:51; Isaiah 14:14; 40:9, etc.; to come up upon (in different connections) Exodus 10:12; Leviticus 16:9 (figurative), 19:19; 1 Samuel 1:11; 6:7; 1 Kings 10:16-17, figurative לב על עלה‎ Isaiah 65:17 + (see לבב לב,‎, 3d); in Hiph`il 1 Kings 20:33 הַמֶּרְכָּבָה עַל וַיַּעֲלֵהוּ‎, Amos 8:10 (compare

1a a), 2 Samuel 1:24; Ezekiel 37:6; Psalm 137:6 (figurative), 2 Chronicles 3:5, 14 (= ornamented with); Deuteronomy 28:61 (compare Exodus 15:26 b); 2 Chronicles 20:34 the history of Jehu which עַל הֹעֲלָח‎ was brought up upon (i.e. inserted in) the book of, etc. (compare 32:32; and על כתב‎ above

1); compare עלהֿשׁמים יד נטה‎ up to heaven Exodus 9:22; 10:21; 17:16.

c. Expressing direction towards (not common, except in sense against: see below) — (a) with verbs of motion, properly of a person (or thing) moving to another so as either to stand above, or rest upon, it (compare Pusey^{Min. Pr. 333}), Exodus 34:12 עליה בא אתה אשׁר הארץ‎ (simile, of a land, or place, 18:23; Numbers 11:12; 1 Kings 2:26 עַלשָֿׂדֶיךָ לֵךָ עֲנָתֹת‎, Ezekiel 32:9; Jeremiah 3:18; b 16:13; 22:26, and after שׁוּב‎ or הֵשִׁיב‎ 16:15; 22:27; 23:3; 24:6 [but אֶל‎ 27:22; 30:3 al.], Ezekiel 29:14; Genesis 40:13 עלכַּֿנָּ֑ךָ וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָ‎, 41:13; 30:33 שְׂכָרִי עַל תָבאֹ כִּי‎ to view my hire; מֵת נפשׁ על בא‎ to enter in upon or beside a corpse; אשׁה על בא‎ 19:31; Deuteronomy 25:5 (usually אל‎); Joshua 3:16 יָם עַל יֹרְדִים מַיִם‎, Ezekiel 47:8; 1 Kings 18:12 לֹאאֵֿדָ֑ע עַלאֲֿשֶׁר יִשָּֽׂאֲךָ‎, Psalm 19:7; 2 Kings 16:12; 2 Chronicles 20:24; Isaiah 53:1 upon whom (coming from above) was ׳י‎s arm revealed? 62:10 על נֵס הרימו העמים‎ over towards (but 49:22 אל‎): but often it is dubious if this force is perceptible; and in General על‎ in such cases seems to be used merely as a synonym — perhaps as a slightly more graphic synonym — of אֶל‎ (compare p. 41); in the later language, also, it may be due partly to the influence of Aramaic, which does not use אֶל‎; thus (a) with a personal object, with assemble or be assembled, Exodus 32:1; 2 Samuel 17:11; 1 Kings 8:5; 11:24; 2 Kings 22:20 (2 Chronicles 34:28 and usually אל‎), 13:7, עלה‎ Genesis 38:12; Joshua 2:8; 1 Samuel 14:10 (14:9; 14:12 אל‎), עבר‎ 14:4 (14:1 אל‎), בא‎ 2 Samuel 15:4 (see Dr) 1 Chronicles 12:23f., יצא‎ 2 Kings 24:12, הוליך‎ 25:20, נגע‎ Judges 20:34, 41 (compare Isaiah 6:7; Jeremiah 1:9), נס‎ Isaiah 10:3, הלך‎ 22:15 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎), נשׂא‎ 30:6, שׁלח‎ 2 Kings 18:27 (על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ על‎: "" Isaiah 36:12 על ֗֗֗ אל ֗֗֗ אל‎), Jeremiah 26:15; 29:31; 1 Chronicles 13:2; 2 Chronicles 28:16; 30:1; 32:9, 31; 36:15; Nehemiah 6:3, נגשׁ‎ Ezekiel 9:6, השׁיב שׁב,‎ Nehemiah 4:6; Malachi 3:24 (see c), followed by י ׳על‎2 Chronicles 15:4; 30:9, התיצּב‎11:13; letters going פ ׳על‎ Nehemiah 2:7; 6:17 a (v:b אל‎). (β) of places, Genesis 24:49; 2 Samuel 2:19 + ימין על‎ to the right; with הלך‎ 1 Samuel 2:11; 1 Kings 20:43 עלבֿיתו‎ (21:4 אל‎), 2 Samuel 15:20 הולך אני אשׁר על הולך ואני‎, Jeremiah 1:7; Ezekiel 1:20 (1:12 אל‎), הוליך‎ 1 Kings 1:38 (1:33 אל‎), נהר‎ Micah 4:1 ("" Isaiah 2:2 אל‎), Jeremiah 31:12 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎), נגשׁ‎ Ezekiel 44:13 ("" אל‎), עלה‎ 1 Samuel 24:23; 2 Samuel 19:1; 1 Kings 6:8 ("" אל‎), Ezekiel 41:7, בא‎ Jeremiah 14:3; 51:51, (הר על‎) הביא‎ Isaiah 66:20 (56:7 אל‎), ירד‎ Jeremiah 36:12, הִטָּה‎ Proverbs 21:1, הסיר‎ 2 Samuel 6:10 ("" 1 Chronicles 13:13 אל‎), נתן‎ Isaiah 29:12 (29:11 אל‎) Micah 1:14; 3:5; Genesis 42:37, שׁב השׁיב,‎, Numbers 33:7; Jeremiah 11:10 (figurative, עֲוֺנוֺת עַל‎), Psalm 35:13; Job 34:15 (Genesis 3:19 אל‎), Proverbs 26:11; Ecclesiastes 1:6; 1 Kings 17:21-22, (compare 1 Samuel 30:12 אל‎), השׁתחוה‎ Leviticus 26:11 (probably), Isaiah 60:14; pregnantly 24:22 בּוֺר עַל אֻסְּפוּ‎ be collected (and delivered) into a dungeon: compare עַל חוּשׁ‎ Job 31:5 (figurative), also to requite עַלחֵֿיק‎ Isaiah 65:6-7, Kt. (Jeremiah 32:18; Psalm 79:12 אל‎). After נראה‎ appear, 90:16 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎). And as far as, unto (nearly = יַד‎) Genesis 49:13 צִידוֺן וְיַרְכָתוֺעַל‎, Joshua 2:7; 18:13; 19:12; Jeremiah 31:39; Ezekiel 47:18; 48:21, 28; Psalm 48:11; 1 Chronicles 5:16.

(b) With אמר‎ say to, 2 Kings 22:8; Jeremiah 18:11 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎), 22:6; 23:2, 35 (אל ֗֗֗ על‎), 36:29; 44:20 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎), דבר‎ 1 Samuel 1:13 (Genesis 24:45 אל‎), 1 Kings 9:5; Hosea 12:11; Jeremiah 6:10; 10:1; 11:2 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎), speak to 25:2 (אל ֗֗֗ על‎), 26:2, compare Esther 1:17, י דבר ׳היה‎ Jeremiah 25:1; 1 Chronicles 22:8; compare 11:10, ענה‎ 2 Samuel 19:43, קרא‎ Isaiah 34:14; 2 Chronicles 32:18, שִׁוַּע‎ Psalm 18:42, הֵרַע‎ 1 Kings 17:20, שָׁר שֹׁרֵר,‎ sing Proverbs 25:20; Job 33:27, החליק‎ Proverbs 29:5 ( Psalm 36:3 אל‎), התפלל‎ 1 Samuel 1:10, כתב‎2 Chronicles 30:1; Ezra 4:7; Esther 8:8, שׁמע‎ 2 Kings 20:13 ( = Isaiah 39:2), 22:13; Jeremiah 23:16; 26:5; 35:18; Haggai 1:12; see also השׂכיל התבונן, הבין, האזין, הקשׁיב,‎.

(c) Expressing (or implying) the direction of the mind, 2 Samuel 14:1 אבשׁלם על המלך לב‎; Malachi 3:24; Ezra 6:22; Song of Solomon 7:11 תְּשׁוּקָתוֺ וְעָלַי‎ (Genesis 3:16; 4:7 אל‎); על לִבּוֺ שָׂם‎ Job 1:8 (2:3 אל‎), 1 Samuel 25:25 (על ֗֗֗ אל‎); Jeremiah 22:17 thy eyes and thy heart are only (set) upon (על‎) ..., 1 Chronicles 12:17; 1 Kings 1:20; 2 Chronicles 20:12 עָלֶיךָ כִּי עֵינֵינוּ‎ (elsewhere אל‎), 1 Kings 2:15 פניהם שָׂמוּ עָלַי‎, Psalm 146:5 י על ׳שִׂבְרוֺ‎; Isaiah 10:25 עלתַּֿבְלִיתָם וְאַמִּי‎ be (directed) towards their destruction, Jeremiah 32:31 (Gf Ew compare RV); compare על שׁעה‎ look to (trustfully) Isaiah 17:7; 31:1. (The uses a, b, c are all exceptional: אל‎ would be regularly employed.)

(d) With the force of over and towards (compare

5 and

7a b, end): Psalm 65:5 עַל עֲלִילָה נוֺרָא‎; to shine, etc. on, 31:17 עַל פָנֶיךָ הָאִירָה‎ (Numbers 6:25; אל‎); עַל רָאָה‎ Exodus 5:21; עַל הוֺפִיעַ‎ Job 10:3; עַל עֵינִי וְשַׂמְתִּי‎ Amos 9:4 + (compare Job 14:3; 24:3; 34:21); עַל הִשְׁקִיף‎ look out over Psalm 14:3 +.

d. In a hostile sense, upon, against: so very often, after every kind of verb expressing or implying attack, as בא‎ Genesis 34:25, 27, נֶאֱסַף‎ 34:30, קצף‎ to be angry 40:2, לון‎ to murmur Exodus 15:24 עמד‎ stand up Leviticus 19:16 +, קָם‎ rise up Deuteronomy 19:11; Amos 7:9, נלחם‎ Deuteronomy 20:10, חנה‎ 1 Samuel 11:1; Psalm 27:3, עלה‎ 2 Kings 17:3, אף חרה‎ Zechariah 10:3 (usually בְּ‎), סללה שׁפך‎ Isaiah 37:33, צוּר‎ besiege Deuteronomy 20:12, חשׁב‎ to devise Genesis 50:20; Jeremiah 11:19, דִּבֶּר‎ Deuteronomy 13:6 +, etc.: add Job 16:4 (twice in verse); 16:9-10, 13; 19:12; 21:27; 30:12, etc.; על היה‎ 2 Samuel 11:23; Numbers 31:3: לַיִךְ הִנְנִי‎ (see אֶל‎4); note also Judges 9:31; 20:5: without a verb Isaiah 9:20; Judges 16:12 עליך פלשׁתים‎ the Philistines are upon thee, 20:9 בְּגוֺרָל עָלֶיהָ‎ Against it by lot !

8 By writers of the silver age, על‎ is sometimes used with the force of a dative, 1 Chronicles 13:2 טוֺב עֲלֵיבֶם אִם‎ (in classical Hebrew בְּעֵינֵיכֶם‎) if it seems good to you, טוֺב הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל אִם‎ Nehemiah 2:5, 7; Esther 1:19; 3:9; 5:4, 8; 7:3; 8:5; 9:13 (compare in Aramaic Ezra 5:17; 7:18); שָׁפַר עַל‎ Psalm 16:6 (compare in Aramaic Daniel 4:24); עַל עָרַב‎ Psalm 104:34 (elsewhere לְ‎); לְ רַע‎ Ecclesiastes 2:17 (see De; compare עַל בְּאֵשׁ‎ Daniel 6:15): compare Job 22:2 על סָכַן‎ be profitable to, 33:23; also עַל גָּמַל‎ (in both good and bad sense: see גמל‎), Nehemiah 5:19 על עשׂה‎, 9:30 על משׁך‎ prolong (mercy) to; עַל חֶסֶד הִטָּה‎ Ezra 7:28; 9:9 (Genesis 39:21 אל‎): 1 Samuel 20:8 read probably עם‎ for על‎. compare Mishna על חביב‎, dear to; על סני‎ hateful to; Syriac , , pleasant, acceptable to. — compare in General the uses of , W^{AG ii. § 59}.

9 With other particles: — אַחֲרֵי עַל‎ Ezekiel 41:15; בֵּין עַל‎ 19:11 (compare אל‎ 31:10, 14); לִפְנֵי עַל‎ 40:15; מֵעַל עַל‎ 41:17 (text dubious), 41:20; עֵבֶר עַל‎ Exodus 25:37 (compare אל‎ Ezekiel 1:9, 12); עַלבָּֿ֫כָה‎ Esther 9:26. — On עַלמְּֿנֵי מִּי, עַל עַליְֿדֵי, עַליַֿד,‎, see מָּנִים מֶּה, יָד,‎.

III. As

conjunction: a. אֲשֶׁר עַל‎ because that . . . (compare above,

II 1 f b), Exodus 32:35 and ׳י‎ plagued the people עשׂו אשׁר על‎ because they had made, etc., Numbers 20:24; Deuteronomy 29:24 (in answer to מה על‎: so 1 Kings 9:9; Jeremiah 16:11; 22:9), Jeremiah 32:51 (twice in verse); 1 Samuel 24:6; 2 Samuel 3:30; 6:8; 8:10; 12:6; Psalm 119:49 +.

b. כִּי עַל‎ similar in meaning, but less frequent: Deuteronomy 31:17; Judges 3:12; Jeremiah 4:28; Malachi 2:14; Psalm 139:14.

c. עַל‎ alone: (a) because, Genesis 31:20 (E) הִגִּיד בְּלִי עַל‎, Psalm 119:136 לֹא עַל‎. (b) notwithstanding that (above,

1f f), although, Isaiah 53:9 לֹא עַל עָשָׂה חָמָס‎ although he did no violence, Job 16:7 בְּכַמָּ֑י חָמָס לֹא עַל‎.

IV. Compounds: —

1 with כְּ‎ (rare and late),

a. as concerning, as upon Psalm 119:14 כָּלהֿוֺן כְּעַל‎, 2 Chronicles 32:19.

b. (pleon. for כְּ‎), Isaiah 59:18 יְשַׁלֵּם כְּעַל גְּמֻלוֺת כְּעַל‎ the like of their deeds is the like of (that which) he will repay (כְּעַל‎ repeated on the analogue of כְּ‎ Numbers 15:15; Hosea 4:9: see כְּ‎) = according to their deeds is (that which) he will repay, Isaiah 63:7 according to.

2 מֵעַל‎₃₀₄ from upon, from over, from by — used with much delicacy of application in many different connections, corresponding mostly with the different senses of על‎. Thus

a. from upon idiomatically, when removal, motion, etc., from a surface is involved, as האדמה פני מעל האדמה, מעל‎ from upon (the face of) the ground, usually with expel, destroy, perish, etc. Genesis 4:14; 6:7; 7:4; Exodus 32:12; Deuteronomy 6:15; 28:21, 63 +? Jeremiah and compiler of Kings; to be lifted up מעל הארץ‎ Genesis 7:17; Ezekiel 1:19, 21 +, to return or be dried (of water) הארץ מעל‎ Genesis 8:3, 7, 11, 13; to roll a stone הַבְּאֵד מִּי מֵעַל‎ 29:3; of the cloud departing מעל האהל‎ Numbers 9:17; 12:10, compare Nehemiah 9:19; to rise up מֵעַל הַכִּסֵּא‎ Judges 3:20; 1 Kings 2:4, מִשְׁכָּבוֺ מֵעַל‎ 2 Samuel 11:2; to alight (נָפַלׅ הַגָּמָל מֵעַל‎ Genesis 24:64 (compare Joshua 15:18 צנח‎, 1 Samuel 25:23 ירד‎), הַמֶּרְכָּבָה מֵעַל ירד‎ Judges 4:15; 2 Kings 5:21 (נפל‎); to take ראֹשׁ מֵעַל‎ Genesis 40:19; 2 Samuel 12:30, הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מֵעַל‎ Leviticus 16:12; Numbers 17:11; Isaiah 6:6; to see הַגָּנ מֵעַל‎ 2 Samuel 11:2; to shoot הַחוֺמָה מֵעַל‎ 11:20; 11:24; to speak הַכַּמֹּרֶת מֵעַל‎ Exodus 25:22; Numbers 7:89; to cast down יָדַיִם מֵעַל‎ Deuteronomy 9:17; Leviticus 8:28 (כַּמַּיִם‎); to break, remove, etc., a yoke (צוארך‎) שׁכמך מעל‎ Genesis 27:40; Isaiah 10:27; Jeremiah 28:10-11, to wipe tears כָּלמָּֿנִים מֵעַל‎ Isaiah 25:8; to take a bandage עיניו מעל‎ 1 Kings 20:41 (compare על‎ 20:38); often of putting off a garment or ornament., as Genesis 38:14, 19 מֵעָלֶיהָ צְעִיפָהּ וַתָּסַר‎, Exodus 33:5 מֵעָלֶיךָ עֶדְיְךָ הוֺרֵד‎, a sandal 3:5; Joshua 5:15, a ring יָדוֺ מֵעַל‎ Genesis 41:42; to seek (דרשׁ‎), or hear, words הַסֵּפֶר מֵעַל‎ Isaiah 34:16; Jeremiah 36:11 (compare ספד על כתב‎ above); pregnantly with בָּלָה‎ to wear away (and fall) from off, Deuteronomy 8:4; 29:4, compare of the bones or skin in disease Job 30:17 מֵעָלָ֑י נִקַּר עֲצָמַי‎ are pierced (and drop) from off me, 30:30 מעלי שָׁחַר עוֺרִי‎ is black (and falls) from off me; figurative 1 Samuel 1:11 מֵעָלַיִךְ יֵינֵךְ הָסִירִי‎ remove thy wine from off thee; Numbers 14:9 מֵעֲלֵיהֶם צִלָּם סָר‎; Judges 16:19-20, ׳י מעליו סר‎ (with allusion to the hair, as the seat of Samson's strength), 1 Samuel 16:23 (compare על‎ in 16:16).

b. Of relief from a burden or trouble: as of a plague, stroke, rod, etc., removed from (resting) on one, Exodus 10:17 הַזֶּה אֶתהַֿמָּוֶת מֵעָלַי וְיָסֵר‎, Numbers 21:7; 25:8 ישׂר מֵעַל הַמַּגֵּפָה ׳וַתֵּעָצַר‎ 2 Samuel 24:21, 25), Psalm 39:11 נִגְעֶ֑ךָ מֵעָלַי הָסֵר‎, Job 9:34; 13:21; Joel 2:20; of reproach Joshua 5:9; Isaiah 25:8; Psalm 119:22, iniquity Ezekiel 18:31; Zechariah 3:4, bloodguiltiness, 1 Kings 2:31, wrath Judges 8:3; Numbers 25:11; Proverbs 24:18, murmurings Numbers 17:21; Numbers 17:25; מֵעַל הֵקֵל‎ to lighten from upon one Exodus 18:22 +; Amos 5:23 שִׁירֶיךָ מֵעָלַיהֲמוֺן הָסֵר‎; pregnantly Jonah 1:11-12, that the sea מֵעָלֵינוּ יִשְׁתֹּק‎ may be calm from off us; to remove, etc., מָּנַי מֵעַל‎ (see מָּנִים‎); 1 Samuel 6:20 to whom shall he go up מֵעָלֵינוּ‎ — not merely 'from us,' but — from upon us (relieving us of his presence), so often of an army retiring from a country or raising a siege, 2 Samuel 10:14 עַמּוֺן בְּנֵי מֵעַל יוֺאָב ויָּשָׁב‎, 20:21 הָעִיר מֵעַל וְאֵעלכָה‎, 20:22; Ki 3:27; 18:14, especially with נַעֲלָה עָלָה,‎ 1 Kings 15:19; Jeremiah 21:2; 37:5, 11 +; 2 Samuel 19:10 David fled אבשׁלום מעל‎ from Absalom (whom his presence had encumbered), Nehemiah 13:28 מֵעָלַי וָאַבְרִיחֵהוּ‎, compare Genesis 13:11; 25:6; Numbers 20:21 ישׂר ׳וַיֵּט מֵעָלָיו‎, 2 Chronicles 20:10; Exodus 10:28 מֵעָלַי לֵךְ‎ (contemptuously; be no more obnoxious to me), similarly 2 Samuel 13:17 מעלי אתזֿאת שׁלחונֿא‎ (Amnon of Tamar).

c. From beside (compare על‎

6c), in different nuances: Genesis 17:22 God went up אברהם מעל‎ from beside A., 35:13; 18:3 עבדך מעל תעבר נא אל‎ (compare על‎ 18:5), 42:24; Numbers 16:25, 27; 1 Kings 1:53 to come down הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מֵעַל‎ (compare על‎ 13:1; 6c and

7b); from attendance on Genesis 45:1 (compare על‎ ib.), Judges 3:19 עָלָיו כָּלהָֿעֹמְדִים מֵעָלָיו וְיֵּצְאוּ‎ 1 Samuel 17:15 (see Dr), 2 Samuel 13:9, compare1 Sam 13:8, 11; 2 Kings 25:5 (Jeremiah 36:21 read מ עַל,‎ being dittograph), compare 2 Chronicles 35:15; from attachment to, י מֵעַל ׳רָחַק‎ Jeremiah 2:5; Ezekiel 11:15; 44:10, compare 8:6, י מֵעַל ׳סָר‎ Jeremiah 32:40; Ezekiel 6:9, י מֵעַל ׳תָּעָה‎ 44:10, 15, compare 14:5; Deuteronomy 13:11; also חַטּאֹות מֵעַל סָר‎ 2 Kings 10:31; 15:18 (usually מֵחטאות‎), compare Ezekiel 14:6; 23:18; from companionship with, Job 19:13 הִרְחִיק מֵעַלַי אַחַי‎; from accompanying protectingly 1 Samuel 28:15 מֵעַלַי סָר וֵאלֹהִים‎, 28:16 (compare על‎ Psalm 110:5; and see Dr); from adhesion to 2 Kings 17:21 תָּוִד בֵּית מֵעַל ישׂראל קָרַע‎, Isaiah 7:17; 56:6 ׳י עַמּוֺ מֵעַל יַבְדִּילַנִי‎, Hosea 9:1 אֱלֹהֶיךָ מֵעַל זָנִיתָ‎.

d. In late Hebrew, = עַל‎ above: 2 Kings 25:28 וגו כִּסֵּא מֵעַל ׳כִּסְאוֺ נָתַן‎ ("" Jeremiah 52:32 more class. לְ מִמַּעַל‎), Esther 3:1; Psalm 108:5 שׁמים מעל גדול‎ ("" 57:11 עַד‎), 148:4; Ecclesiastes 5:7 שֹׁמֵר גָּבֹהַּ מֵעַל גָּבֹהַּ‎, Nehemiah 3:28; 8:5; 2 Chronicles 34:4 מֵעֲלֵיהֶם לְמַעְלָה‎ on high above them; Ezekiel 41:17, 20. — Proverbs 14:14 read with De Now Str וּמִמַּעֲלָלָיו‎.

e. לְ מֵעַל‎ (chiefly late, and pleonastic for עַל‎, or else = the more class. synonym לְ מִמַּעַל‎): (a) Genesis 1:7 לָרָקִיעַ מֵעַל‎ (Ezekiel 1:26 לְ ׳מִמַּעַל‎), 1:25 (text dubious; see Commentaries), 1 Samuel 17:39; Jonah 4:6; Malachi 1:5 upon, over the border (territory) of Israel (so Köhl Ke: but Hi Ew We beyond, 2 Chronicles 13:4 upon, mount Zemaraim, 24:20. (b) beside26:19 הַקְּטֹרֶת לְמִזְבַּח מֵעַל‎; Nehemiah 12:31 (twice in verse); 12:37-38, (twice in verse); 12:39 dubious: BeRy (in all) off the side of (מִן‎

6) = at a little distance from; Ke in Nehemiah 12:31; 12:38a upon, in 12:37; 12:38b; 12:39 by the side of (an ... vorüber).